A. Adaptive immunity
B. Anaphylaxis
C. Antibody(immunoglobulin)
D. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
E. Atopy
Answer: A. Adaptive immunity also called acquired immunity.
Adaptive immune response involves an initial interaction (primary response) which is followed by a much quicker and more robust response (cytokines production, humoral or cytotoxic response) by the lymphocytes.
02. An acute systemic severe reaction to exposure to a minute amount of allergen symptoms includes sudden drop in BP and difficult breathing?
A. Adaptive immunity
B. Anaphylaxis
C. Antibody(immunoglobulin)
D. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
E. Atopy
Answer: B. Anaphylaxis
Symptoms: Edema of bronchial mucosa leading difficulty in breathing and drop in blood pressure.
03. Antigen binding Site also known as antibody combining site on an antibody?
A. Opsonization
B. Paratope
C. Plasma Cells
D. Selection tolerance
E. Natural killer cell
Answer: Paratope (this is part of antibody but Epitope is antibody binding site on antigen)
04. The part of antigen that contact the antigen-binding site of an antibody or T-cell receptor?
A. Opsonization
B. Paratope
C. Epitope
D. Selection tolerance
E. Natural killer cell
Answer: Epitope
05. A large lymphocyte containing cytotoxic granules in its cytoplasm that participate in innate immune response?
A. Opsonization
B. Paratope
C. Epitope
D. Selection tolerance
E. Natural killer cell
Answer: E. Natural killer cell
NK cells have a major role in destroying tumour cells and virus infected cells.
Selection Tolerance: A critical part of the lymphocytes development process that takes place in lymphoid tissue in which T and B lymphocytes are tested for their ability to recognise and interact with self Antigen. If positive recognition occurs, then that particular lymphocytes clone is destroyed to protect the body against autoimmunity.
06. Cells that produce and secrete large amounts of antibody in in response to an antigen also called antigen forming cells?
A. Opsonization
B. Paratope
C. Epitope
D. Plasma cells
E. Natural killer cell
Answer: D. Plasma cells
07. Undifferentiated cells found in the bone marrow and fatal liver that gives rise to nearly every leukocyte(immune cell) found in the body?
A. Mitogen
B. MHC haplotype
C. Lysozyme
D. Commensal
E. Hematopoietic stem cells
Answer: E. Hematopoietic stem cells
Mitogen: Molecule that causes cells yo undergo cells division
MHC haplotype: major histocompatibility complex MHC genes both class I and class II expressed by an individual.
Lysozyme: A family of enzymes that breakdown walls of bacteria, especially gram positive bacteria.
Commensal: Normal microbial flora of digestive tract and skin. A Commensal relationship bw a microorganism and it's host is one which the microorganisms benefits and host neither is harmed nor benifits.
08. An extracellular signalling protein that mediates communication between cells?
A. Cytokine
B. Hapten
C. Chemotaxis
D. Interleukin
E. Avidity
Answer: A. Cytokine
Hapten: Small molecule that can act as an epitope but can't start immune response
Chemotaxis: migration of cells in response to concentration gradient chemotactic factors
Interleukin: member of a group of cytokine involved in orchestration and regulation of immune response
Avidity: Combined binding strength of multiple paratopes of a single antibody (such as both paratopes of a monomer or 10 paratopes on a pentameric immunoglobulin M) to a multivalent antigen ( such as same epitope found across the surface of a microorganism).
09. New born hemolytic disease where maternal antibodies destroy the fatal RBCs because of incompatible blood type is example of?
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type II hypersensitivity
C. Type III hypersensitivity
D. Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: Type II hypersensitivity reactions also called cytotoxic or antibody dependent hypersensitivity.
Other examples: infusion related reactions, autoimmune diseases such as goodpasture's syndrome, myasthenia gravis
Type I hypersensitivity (immediate)
Type II hypersensitivity (antibody dependent, cytotoxic)
Type III hypersensitivity ( antibody dependent, soluble antigen directed)
Type IV hypersensitivity (delayed type , T-cell mediated)
10. Serum sickness (injection of foreign antigen leading to formation and deposition of immune complex in blood vessels is an example of?
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type II hypersensitivity
C. Type III hypersensitivity
D. Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: Type III hypersensitivity
Examplea: Hypersensitivity reactions involves antibody dependent reactions to soluble antigens by forming immune complex between antibody and soluble antigen, Arthus Reactions ( subcutaneous immune complex formation occurring at a local site in and around the wall of small blood vessels), Systemic lupus erythematosus (caused by antibodies to DNA, histone, and antigens of the nucleus)
11. Arthus Reactions ( subcutaneous immune complex formation occurring at a local site in and around the wall of small blood vessels is an example of?
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type II hypersensitivity
C. Type III hypersensitivity
D. Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: Type III hypersensitivity
Examplea: Hypersensitivity reactions involves antibody dependent reactions to soluble antigens by forming immune complex between antibody and soluble antigen, Systemic lupus erythematosus (caused by antibodies to DNA, histone, and antigens of the nucleus)
12. Type of hypersensitivity mediated by a memory T-cell response that have been sensitised to an allergin by a previous contact recruit other leukocytes to the site of allergin upon a later encounter?
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type II hypersensitivity
C. Type III hypersensitivity
D. Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: D. Type IV hypersensitivity also called delayed type hypersensitivity DTH.
Because of the recruitment a delay occurs in the allergic reaction.
Example: Contact dermatitis (allergen contact with the epidermis resulting in inflammation and redness caused by infiltration of leukocytes and cytokine release)
Tuberculin reaction (local reaction of inflammation and redness at the site of subcutaneous injection of prepared antigen
From Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Granulomatous reaction Stimulation from a foreign body or particulate such as talc or silica resulting in a granuloma, which is a mass of lymphocytes and macrophages surrounding an allergen too large to be phagocytized.
13. Contact dermatitis allergen contact with the epidermis resulting in inflammation and redness caused by infiltration of leukocytes and cytokine release Is following type?
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type II hypersensitivity
C. Type III hypersensitivity
D. Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: D. Type IV hypersensitivity also called delayed type hypersensitivity DTH Type of hypersensitivity mediated by a memory T-cell response that have been sensitised to an allergin by a previous contact recruit other leukocytes to the site of allergin upon a later encounter
Because of the recruitment a delay occurs in the allergic reaction.
Example:
Tuberculin reaction (local reaction of inflammation and redness at the site of subcutaneous injection of prepared antigen
From Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Granulomatous reaction Stimulation from a foreign body or particulate such as talc or silica resulting in a granuloma, which is a mass of lymphocytes and macrophages surrounding an allergen too large to be phagocytized.
14. A Thienopyridine drug covalently bind to P2Y12 receptors on platelets to prevent ADP-mediated aggregation and adhesion to fibrin?
A. Prasugrel
B. Cilostazol
C. Dipyridamole
D. Aspirin
E. Lepirudin
Answer: A. Prasugrel (Clopidogrel, Ticlopidine)
These drugs have to be bioactivated by hepatic CYP enzymes before they are activated.
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